Certified Safety Health Manager Examination Preparation Training (CSHM)

Model Ergonomics Plan

I. Purpose of the program

A. The Ergonomics Protection Program is established to prevent the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, primarily those in the back, upper and lower extremities. To do this the program employs various strategies:

1. Informs employees about musculoskeletal disorders and the risk factors that can cause or aggravate them.

2. Promotes continuous improvement in workplace ergonomic protection.

3. Encourages new technology and innovation in ergonomic protection.

4. Identifies design principles that prevent exposure to risk factors.

5. Ensures ongoing and consistent management leadership and employee involvement.

B. _________________________ (person and position) is responsible for managing the Ergonomic Protection Plan. The ergonomic program health care provider, supervisors and the safety committee will assist in monitoring the effectiveness of the program.

II. Worksite analysis

A. Supervisor, with assistance from the program manager or a consultant, will conduct an ergonomic hazard analysis for each task in his or her area of responsibility. The purpose of worksite analysis is to recognize and identify existing ergonomic risk factors in the workplace. The analysis will include the use of an ergonomic checklist and employee questionnaire. Periodic surveys of the workplace will be conducted at appropriate intervals to evaluate changes in risk factors and effectiveness of work practices and engineering controls.

B. The OSHA 200 log will be reviewed to determine whether any musculoskeletal disorders have occurred during the last two years. If musculoskeletal disorders have occurred in the past two years, the supervisor will further analyze and evaluate the associated "at risk" work areas for ergonomic hazards

C. Each "at risk" task will be videotaped for the purpose of documenting work procedures, tools and materials used, and hazardous conditions encountered. The supervisor will analyze the task for ergonomic related hazard that could result in injury or illness. (See program description for instructions on videotaping)

1. The following risk factors should be considered in your analysis:

a. Performance of the same motions or motion pattern every few seconds for more than two hours at a time. Questions to ask:

What is the task or cycle frequency per shift?
Is the task continuous or sporadic?
Does the worker perform the task for the entire shift or rotate with other workers?

b. Fixed or awkward work postures for more than a total of two hours: for example, overhead work, twisted or bent back, bent wrist, kneeling, stooping, or squatting. Questions to ask:

What is the height of the workbench?
What is the maximum reach to parts bins, etc.?
What is the chair height?
Is movement restricted due to confined workspace?

c. Use of hand tools. Questions to ask:

What is the weight of tool being used?
Are vibrating or impact tools or equipment used for more than a total of two hours?
Is there air exhaust onto the worker’s hand?

d. Manual handling of objects more than 25 pounds more than once each workshift.

e. The type of handwear being used. Questions to ask:

Is handwear slippery?
Do the gloves fit properly?

f. No worker control over work pace (e.g., work is mechanically or electronically paced) for more than four hours at a time (exclusive of regular breaks.)

g. Work performed in cold environment.

D. The use of outside ergonomics consultants to evaluate areas identified is encouraged. Their assistance may be extremely valuable in conducting the initial analysis. Coordinate with the program manager to request assistance.

III. Correct Actions

A. The supervisor with assistance from the program manager will determine the surface and root causes for all hazards (ergonomic and general) related to a task being analyzed. The following control strategies will be used to reduce or eliminate those hazards:

1. Engineering controls should be designed by a qualified ergonomist and may include workstation redesign, tool and handle redesign, and change of work methods. The goal is to make the job fit the person.

2. Work practice controls to include proper work techniques, new employee conditioning, and monitoring and modifications as necessary to reduce ergonomic stressors.

3. Administrative controls to reduce the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to ergonomic stress. These controls may include job rotation, reduction of repetitions, and preventive maintenance of related equipment.

4. Personal protective equipment (PPE) may be used if appropriate. However, in all cases, if employees are not properly trained, or are reluctant to accept change, reducing ergonomic injuries and illnesses may be difficult at best.

IV. Employee involvement and training

A. Management will be involved in all stages of identifying, assessing, and controlling ergonomics hazards. Managers and supervisors will work closely with employees to determine hazards. Training in ergonomic awareness and safe work practices will be key in ultimately reducing injuries and illnesses, and involving employees in this training will improve the interest and quality of the training

B. All supervisors and employees will be educated on the early signs and symptoms of ergonomic injury and illness..

C. Further ergonomics training will be conducted for all "at risk" employees and supervisors, and will include specific information on the hazards associated with their jobs, reporting procedures, the risks of developing cumulative trauma disorders, symptoms of exposure, and how to prevent the occurrence of cumulative trauma disorders. The supervisor’s training program will also be implemented to allow recognition of the signs of cumulative trauma disorders and to reinforce the ergonomics program. After training is completed, supervisors will provide regular feedback on work practices to their employees.

D. The training program will be conducted by a qualified health care provider.

V. Medical management

A. A medical management program will be established under the guidance of an appropriately qualified health professional. Appropriately trained health care providers will be available at all times, and on an ongoing basis as required. They will be knowledgeable in the prevention, early recognition, evaluation, treatment and rehabilitation of CTDs, and in the principles of ergonomics, physical assessment of employees, and OSHA recordkeeping requirements.

B. Program health care providers will conduct monthly, systematic workplace walk-through to remain knowledgeable about operations and work practices, identify risk factors for CTDs in the workplace, identify potential light duty jobs, and maintain close contact with employees. Findings and recommendations will be documented and reported to the safety committee as soon as possible after the walk-through is completed.

C. Program managers will develop a symptoms survey to measure the extent of symptoms of work-related disorders for each area of the plant, to determine which jobs are exhibiting problems and to measure progress of the ergonomic program. Body diagrams should be used to facilitate the gathering of this information. Employees identities and medical records, including surveys will remain confidential.

D. All employees who report pain or other symptoms possibly related to musculoskeletal disorders will be promptly evaluated by a health care provider, and appropriate treatment and follow-up will be provided.

E. Where an employee states that the injury or illness is work-related, and the case otherwise meets the criteria for recording, the case will be entered on the OSHA log pending final determination of the cause.

E. The employee will be monitored until he or she is able to perform work without restrictions. The idea is to detect any problem as early as possible to reduce the severity of the injury and associated costs.

F. The program health care provider will compile a list of light duty jobs with the lowest ergonomic risk. For such jobs, ergonomic risk(s) will be described.

G. New and current employees who are assigned to at risk jobs or tasks will be given a baseline survey by the health care provider to establish a base against which changes in health status can be evaluated. The baseline survey is not for the purpose of precluding people from performing particular jobs.

VI. Program Evaluation

A. The Ergonomics Protection Program will be evaluated by the program manager and safety committee annually for its ability to identify, assess, and eliminate ergonomic hazards in the workplace. Reductions in ergonomics related injuries and illness should ideally be experienced soon after the program is implemented.

B. Findings of the evaluation will be reported directly to the CEO.

Certification _____________________________ ______________________
Reviewed by (Signature) Date

_______________________________ ______________________
Approved by (Signature) Date

Sample Ergonomic Hazard Analysis


The following is an example of a checklist to aid in an ergonomic 
hazard analysis of a specific job or workstation.  It is designed 
to used as a supplement to close visual observation or videotaping 
of the job/workstation.

Person performing analysis _______________   Date ______________
Job location ___________   Bldg ___________  Floor ____________
Job name ___________________________  
Department ________________________
Job description___________________________

Number of employees on job _________  
line speed ____________ (pieces/minute)
Jobs rotated with ____________________   
Rotation schedule _____________________
Break schedule _____________________________________

Workstation: 

____ 1. Are there any sharp edges? 

____ 2. What is the height of the work table? __________________

____ 3. Adjustability: 

____ Can tools be moved around in the workplace?
____ Can the work surface height be adjusted vertically?
____ Can fixtures be tilted or rotated? 

____ 4. What is the worker standing on? ______________________________
	(e.g., grate, mat, concrete floor)

____ 5. Is the floor or platform slippery? _______________

Postural

____ 1. Can worker change postures (sit-to-stand or stand-to-sit)? 

____ 2. What are the maximum reach distances in inches?  Vertical ___  
         Horizontal ___ 

Tools 

____ 1. Name of tool ______________________

____ 2. Type:  Torque ______ reciprocating or vibrating _________ 
         Other ___________

____ 3. What is the weight of the tool? ____________ lbs. 

____ 4. Size of the handle:  Span ____ inches, length ____ inches  
         material _________

____ 5. What is the source of power? _________________
        (e.g., air, electric)?

____ 6. If air, is the exhaust away from the hand? _____________

____ 7. Is the tool counterbalanced?  ____________

Manual or hand tools

____ 1. Name of tool _____________________

____ 2. Weight ____________ lbs.

____ 3. Size of the handle:  Span ____ inches, length ____ inches  
         material _________

____ 4. Is there a place for tools in the workplace? ___________
         (e.g., holster, fixture)

Miscellaneous

____ 1. Are other objects or materials handled? _________

____ 2. What are they and what do they weigh? 

        Name _____________________
        Weight __________________lbs.

____ 3. What is the temperature of the work environment? 
         _______ degrees (C./F.)

____ 4. What personal protective equipment is used ?_________
         (e.g., gloves, hard hats, aprons)

____ 5. Can the worker stop or control line speed? 

____ 6. Are there opportunities for micro rest pauses? 
        If so, how many seconds? ______

____ 7. Estimate exertion or effort required to do the job (1 to 5) 
         _____________  1=low, 5=high


 Ergonomic Protection Program Audit

Written Program

____ 1. Has a written ergonomics program been established?

____ 2. Is there a person assigned to manage the program? 

Survey

____ 1. Are ergonomic surveys being conducted according to 
        a regular schedule?

____ 2. Do surveys determine the presence of ergonomic 
        related injuries and illnesses: for example, 
        musculoskeletal injuries to the neck, back, 
        shoulders, arms, hands, fingers?   

____ 3. Are copies of survey being maintained? 


Company procedures

____ 1. Are managers, supervisors, and all employees who 
        may be exposed to hazardous ergonomic conditions 
        knowledgeable of signs and symptoms of CTD?

____ 2. Does your employer have procedures for employees who 
        report pain or other signs and symptoms related to 
        ergonomic injury or illness? 

____ 3. Are supervisors instructed on procedures when employees 
        report pain or other symptoms of ergonomic injury or illness? 

____ 4. Are employee reports of pain or other symptoms of ergonomic 
        injury or illness being recorded? 

____ 5. Are incentive programs in place that deter employees from 
        reporting problems? 


Evaluation

____ 1. Are the company’s injury and illness logs evaluated on a 
        regular basis for evidence of ergonomic related injuries 
        and illnesses? 

____ 2. Is the information gathered from evaluating logs used to 
        identify, assess and control ergonomic hazards? 

____ 3. Is there an effective medical protocol for evaluating and 
        treating employees for complaints of upper extremity discomfort 
        or back pain? 

____ 4. Are trained health care providers available to diagnose and 
        treat early stages of CTD? 

____ 5. Following early detection of CTD symptoms or treatment, is the 
        amount of time prescribed or allowed off work, and/or allotted 
        for restricted activity, appropriate? 

Treatment procedures

____ 1. Are medical restrictions being followed? 

____ 2. Have ergonomic hazard analyses been conducted for all 
        alternative work assignments (e.g., light/restricted duty jobs) 
        for CTD potential? 

____ 3. Are health care providers familiar with the jobs being used for 
        alternative work assignments.

____ 4. Is job reassignment appropriate so as not to further exacerbate 
        the condition or create another condition? 

____ 5. Does your employer document all instances where a reassignment 
        did not help or actually worsen the CTD with explanation for 
        the reason. 

____ 6. Do health care providers track and follow up the symptom process 
        of all reassigned and/or treated employees?  

____ 7. Are appointments made for follow-up required and kept? 

____ 8. Has any decrease in employee pay or loss of overtime been an 
        impediment to timely medical care resulting in CTD surgery. 

Application of controls

____ 1. Is your employer installing engineering controls: such as, 
        equipment replacement or redesign.

____ 2. Is your employer implementing administrative controls: such as, 
        job rotation, rest periods, etc. 

____ 3. Are control strategies effective in reducing the incidence of 
        ergonomic related injuries and illnesses?

Source: OSHA

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Disclaimer: This material is for training purposes only. Its purpose is to inform employers of best practices in occupational safety and health and general OSHA compliance requirements. This material is not, in any way, a substitute for any provision of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or any standards issued by OSHA.